2014年4月22日星期二
2013年12月26日星期四
2013年6月23日星期日
如何使用LinkedIn的“公司主页”来做推广
或许你已经使用过LinkedIn一段时间。你通过“个人主页”与其他志同道合的商务人士进行私人交流。但是你知道吗？LinkedIn有“公司主页”，你也可以通过它来提升你的工作业绩。（根据LinkedIn在自己网站上公布的数据显示）有超过九千万的会员在LinkedIn网站中拥有公司简介的页面，这是一种有效联系潜在客户的途径。
在本文中，我将告诉你如何利用LinkedIn 的公司主页来提升你的自由职业业绩。
使用LinkedIn的公司主页
LinkedIn的公司主页操作简单，它让你能够：
针对你的产品和服务创建个人页面
创建图片幻灯片，并添加公司网址的链接
嵌入YouTube视频
刊登工作信息（付费服务）
查看并分析关注过公司主页的访客
访客可以在查看你个人主页时，通过点击公司列表旁的图标，跳转到你的公司主页
创建你自己的公司主页
通过以下几个步骤来为你的自由职业事业创建一个公司主页
步骤一：登陆你的LinkedIn 的个人主页。在顶部的导航栏，点击“公司”图标，然后在右侧点击“添加新公司”。
步骤二：添加公司信息。在“添加新公司”页面，将会有提示，指引你添加公司注册名以及公司的电子邮件地址。注册时，不能只添加一个网页电子邮箱地址，同时你必须是这家公司的正式代表
步骤三：确认。一旦你提交了你的注册信息，你将会收到一封确认函。确认该邮件并跟踪链接回到你的公司主页。
现在你就可以使用标签选项卡来让你的页面更符合客户要求
使用“概述”选项卡
通过“概述”选项卡来开始做定制
在概述页面的右上角，点击“编辑”为你的页面添加新信息。这些都是特别直观的信息。在该页面，你可以添加：
公司商标
公司简介
公司产品/服务特色
员工人数
公司网址
公司所属行业领域
公司成立时间
公司地址
公司的Twitter账号
RSS源（如果有的话）
在提交完信息后，点击“发布”，保存并发布信息。
使用“职业”选项卡
在公司主页中，LinkedIn可以让你在“职业”选项卡内发布工作信息。从发布之日起，在30日内需要支付$195的信息费用。填写指示表格并发布信息。
发布消息之后 ，LinkedIn会显示出你在它的整个网站范围内，哪些人与你从事的领域相同，并符合你的职位要求。你可以通过付费来获得这些相符者的信息或只发布这些工作信息。填写账单信息，你的工作列表信息将会发布在公司主页中的“职业”选项卡。
使用“服务”选项卡
以下才是你真正开始在LinkedIn上宣传公司的地方。服务页面允许你添加公司提供的各类产品及服务。
下面是一些有用的步骤：
服务步骤一：添加你的信息
在服务选项卡内，点击“编辑”按钮并编辑该页面的主要内容。输入公司的名称和对公司的简介。简介页面的公司商标也会在该页面的公司简介旁显示。
接下来，你可以为你的页面创建最多三个图片或文本幻灯片滑块，这样可以使你的服务页面更加生动。图片的清晰度要求是640 x 220 像素。每张图片上可以添加链接。比如说，我在公司主页创建了图片控件，它主要描述了我公司提供的三大服务，并将每个图片链接到我公司网站的相应页面。把你公司要提供的服务可视化地表现出来，同时吸引潜在客户访问你的网站，这是一种有效的途径。
如果你有一些YouTube的视频信息，它们对你公司及所提供服务进行了描述说明，你也可以将其添加在该页面。在右手边的一栏，输入你要搜索的视频的名称，然后将找到的链接，复制到该视频资源对应的链接地址栏。
再回到页面顶部，点击“发布”保存所做更改，页面信息会变得生动。
服务步骤二：添加产品和服务信息
要添加产品和服务信息，你可以在右上角点击“添加产品或服务”按钮。在该页面，你能够：
添加某一产品或服务
为你的产品或服务选择最合适的类别
命名新加的服务或产品，并添加相应的缩略图图片
添加内容描述以及产品或服务的主要特征
为用户添加链接以跟踪网站信息
指定某一员工负责该产品或服务
为该产品或服务添加（推出）促销活动或优惠服务
针对该产品添加特定的YouTube视频资源
你可以根据不同客户资料的内容来创建不同版本的页面。例如，你可以针对美国客户创建适合适合他们的页面，也可以针对加拿大客户创建不同版本的页面。如果你创建“默认”版本，你需要在下面从新点击“新客户”并创建不同版本的页面。给你的目标客户命名，并选择他们的特点属性，然后点击“保存并退出”。接下来再编辑你的目标客户页面。
使用“数据分析”选项卡
“公司主页”中的第四也是最后一个选项卡是数据分析页面。
http://www.linkedin.com/company/tolo-lighting-optic-electirc-co-ltd?trk=company_logo
在本文中，我将告诉你如何利用LinkedIn 的公司主页来提升你的自由职业业绩。
使用LinkedIn的公司主页
LinkedIn的公司主页操作简单，它让你能够：
针对你的产品和服务创建个人页面
创建图片幻灯片，并添加公司网址的链接
嵌入YouTube视频
刊登工作信息（付费服务）
查看并分析关注过公司主页的访客
访客可以在查看你个人主页时，通过点击公司列表旁的图标，跳转到你的公司主页
创建你自己的公司主页
通过以下几个步骤来为你的自由职业事业创建一个公司主页
步骤一：登陆你的LinkedIn 的个人主页。在顶部的导航栏，点击“公司”图标，然后在右侧点击“添加新公司”。
步骤二：添加公司信息。在“添加新公司”页面，将会有提示，指引你添加公司注册名以及公司的电子邮件地址。注册时，不能只添加一个网页电子邮箱地址，同时你必须是这家公司的正式代表
步骤三：确认。一旦你提交了你的注册信息，你将会收到一封确认函。确认该邮件并跟踪链接回到你的公司主页。
现在你就可以使用标签选项卡来让你的页面更符合客户要求
使用“概述”选项卡
通过“概述”选项卡来开始做定制
在概述页面的右上角，点击“编辑”为你的页面添加新信息。这些都是特别直观的信息。在该页面，你可以添加：
公司商标
公司简介
公司产品/服务特色
员工人数
公司网址
公司所属行业领域
公司成立时间
公司地址
公司的Twitter账号
RSS源（如果有的话）
在提交完信息后，点击“发布”，保存并发布信息。
使用“职业”选项卡
在公司主页中，LinkedIn可以让你在“职业”选项卡内发布工作信息。从发布之日起，在30日内需要支付$195的信息费用。填写指示表格并发布信息。
发布消息之后 ，LinkedIn会显示出你在它的整个网站范围内，哪些人与你从事的领域相同，并符合你的职位要求。你可以通过付费来获得这些相符者的信息或只发布这些工作信息。填写账单信息，你的工作列表信息将会发布在公司主页中的“职业”选项卡。
使用“服务”选项卡
以下才是你真正开始在LinkedIn上宣传公司的地方。服务页面允许你添加公司提供的各类产品及服务。
下面是一些有用的步骤：
服务步骤一：添加你的信息
在服务选项卡内，点击“编辑”按钮并编辑该页面的主要内容。输入公司的名称和对公司的简介。简介页面的公司商标也会在该页面的公司简介旁显示。
接下来，你可以为你的页面创建最多三个图片或文本幻灯片滑块，这样可以使你的服务页面更加生动。图片的清晰度要求是640 x 220 像素。每张图片上可以添加链接。比如说，我在公司主页创建了图片控件，它主要描述了我公司提供的三大服务，并将每个图片链接到我公司网站的相应页面。把你公司要提供的服务可视化地表现出来，同时吸引潜在客户访问你的网站，这是一种有效的途径。
如果你有一些YouTube的视频信息，它们对你公司及所提供服务进行了描述说明，你也可以将其添加在该页面。在右手边的一栏，输入你要搜索的视频的名称，然后将找到的链接，复制到该视频资源对应的链接地址栏。
再回到页面顶部，点击“发布”保存所做更改，页面信息会变得生动。
服务步骤二：添加产品和服务信息
要添加产品和服务信息，你可以在右上角点击“添加产品或服务”按钮。在该页面，你能够：
添加某一产品或服务
为你的产品或服务选择最合适的类别
命名新加的服务或产品，并添加相应的缩略图图片
添加内容描述以及产品或服务的主要特征
为用户添加链接以跟踪网站信息
指定某一员工负责该产品或服务
为该产品或服务添加（推出）促销活动或优惠服务
针对该产品添加特定的YouTube视频资源
你可以根据不同客户资料的内容来创建不同版本的页面。例如，你可以针对美国客户创建适合适合他们的页面，也可以针对加拿大客户创建不同版本的页面。如果你创建“默认”版本，你需要在下面从新点击“新客户”并创建不同版本的页面。给你的目标客户命名，并选择他们的特点属性，然后点击“保存并退出”。接下来再编辑你的目标客户页面。
使用“数据分析”选项卡
“公司主页”中的第四也是最后一个选项卡是数据分析页面。
http://www.linkedin.com/company/tolo-lighting-optic-electirc-co-ltd?trk=company_logo
2013年6月15日星期六
LED Light Bulbs Buying Guide
LED Light Bulbs Buying Guide
Long Lsting,energy efficient lighting for your home.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a solid state semiconductor that emits light when a current passes through it. LED bulbs can be used in many common fixtures in your home, including accent lighting, track lighting, room lighting and outdoor spotlights. They offer many unique money and energy-saving benefits over traditional light bulbs. LED bulbs:
Have an exceptionally long lifespan. They can last up to 5 times longer than compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs and much longer than traditional incandescents. A typical LED light that burns 8 hours a day can last about 17 years before it needs changing, making LED bulbs an ideal choice for hard-to-reach lights.
Have no filament or moving parts, making them extremely durable and low maintenance.
Generate almost no heat or UV rays, which can help reduce air conditioning costs in your home and help keep fabrics and furnishings from fading.
Provide greater energy savings by using up to 80% less energy to produce the same amount of brightness as that of CFLs and incandescent bulbs.
While LED home lighting may require a higher initial investment, their longevity, low maintenance and significant cost savings make LED bulbs a purchase that can pay for itself over time. This buying guide will explain what to look for when selecting an LED bulb, so you can feel confident you’re selecting the right LED lighting for your home.
Factors to Consider
Shape – Flood, Spotlights, Candle, A-Line
Brightness & Energy Efficiency – Wattage and Lumens
Color Temperature – Soft or Bright White Light
Base Configuration – Screw-in or Pin Base
Shape
Candle bulbs emulate the shape of a candle flame and work in multiples to provide ambient and accent lighting. They are for use in decorative lighting fixtures, including:
· Wall sconces
· Decorative fixtures
Globe bulbs disperse light at a wide angle and are ideal for fixtures used to spread light throughout the room. LED A-line bulbs are a good choice for:
· Room area lighting
· Reading lamps
· Hallways
The next step in selecting your LED bulbs is to maximize energy savings by getting the most light using the least amount of energy.
Brightness & Energy Efficiency
LED lights use far less energy to provide the same amount of light as CFL and incandescent bulbs. Lumens per watt is a way of identifying how much light a bulb provides compared to the amount of energy, or wattage, used. The amount of light the bulb gives off is measured in lumens. The amount of energy a bulb uses is measured in wattage. To choose the most energy efficient light bulb, check the lumens-to-watts ratio on the bulb’s packaging—the greater the lumens-to-watts ratio, the more energy efficiency the bulb provides. You can determine this ratio yourself by dividing the lumens produced by the amount of watts the bulb requires.
Refer to the table below for a comparison of lumens and watts ratings for incandescent, CFL and LED bulbs.
Once you know the brightness and wattage for the LED you need, the next step is to select a bulb that generates the color or light that works best for the bulb’s application.
Color Temperature
LED bulbs provide white light in various shades, from bright white, like a blue-tinted fluorescent tube, to soft white, like a yellow-tinted incandescent light. A good rule of thumb is to use soft white lights indoors and bright white lights outdoors.
The type and shade of the light is measured in a temperature rating known as Kelvin (K). The higher the K temperature, the brighter the shade of white light produced.
Refer to the chart below to determine the K temperature and color you prefer.
LED bulbs also provide very good color rendering, which is the ability of a bulb to show the true color of objects. This is measured on a scale of zero to 100, with 100 being the best. LEDs offer as much as 85 on this scale.
In addition to shades of white, LED bulbs are also available in a variety of colors:
Once you know the color of light you need, the next step is to select a bulb that fits in the fixture in which it will function.
Base Configuration
As with incandescent bulbs, it’s essential when you’re shopping for LEDs to determine the bulb base size you need. If you’re going to the store, it’s a good idea to bring the bulb you’re replacing along with you, so you can match the base sizes. Most common household fixtures have pin or Edison, also known as screw-in, bases. Types of Edison bases include:
Miniature Candelabra – A small bulb base, frequently used in chandeliers
Candelabra – A slightly larger bulb base, used in chandeliers, light sconces and other small fixtures
Intermediate – A bulb base between the candelabra and medium sizes, commonly used in ceiling fans
Medium – The bulb base design for standard light bulbs, used in most lamps and overhead light fixtures
Bi-pin – A standard base for small light bulbs.
Features to Consider
Remote Controls – LED bulbs with remote controls provide convenience and eliminate the need for dimmers.
Warranty – Many LED bulbs come with a warranty covering replacement costs if the bulb malfunctions.
Long Lsting,energy efficient lighting for your home.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a solid state semiconductor that emits light when a current passes through it. LED bulbs can be used in many common fixtures in your home, including accent lighting, track lighting, room lighting and outdoor spotlights. They offer many unique money and energy-saving benefits over traditional light bulbs. LED bulbs:
Have an exceptionally long lifespan. They can last up to 5 times longer than compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs and much longer than traditional incandescents. A typical LED light that burns 8 hours a day can last about 17 years before it needs changing, making LED bulbs an ideal choice for hard-to-reach lights.
Have no filament or moving parts, making them extremely durable and low maintenance.
Generate almost no heat or UV rays, which can help reduce air conditioning costs in your home and help keep fabrics and furnishings from fading.
Provide greater energy savings by using up to 80% less energy to produce the same amount of brightness as that of CFLs and incandescent bulbs.
While LED home lighting may require a higher initial investment, their longevity, low maintenance and significant cost savings make LED bulbs a purchase that can pay for itself over time. This buying guide will explain what to look for when selecting an LED bulb, so you can feel confident you’re selecting the right LED lighting for your home.
Factors to Consider
Shape – Flood, Spotlights, Candle, A-Line
Brightness & Energy Efficiency – Wattage and Lumens
Color Temperature – Soft or Bright White Light
Base Configuration – Screw-in or Pin Base
Shape
Candle bulbs emulate the shape of a candle flame and work in multiples to provide ambient and accent lighting. They are for use in decorative lighting fixtures, including:
· Wall sconces
· Decorative fixtures
· Room area lighting
· Reading lamps
· Hallways
Brightness & Energy Efficiency
LED lights use far less energy to provide the same amount of light as CFL and incandescent bulbs. Lumens per watt is a way of identifying how much light a bulb provides compared to the amount of energy, or wattage, used. The amount of light the bulb gives off is measured in lumens. The amount of energy a bulb uses is measured in wattage. To choose the most energy efficient light bulb, check the lumens-to-watts ratio on the bulb’s packaging—the greater the lumens-to-watts ratio, the more energy efficiency the bulb provides. You can determine this ratio yourself by dividing the lumens produced by the amount of watts the bulb requires.
Refer to the table below for a comparison of lumens and watts ratings for incandescent, CFL and LED bulbs.
Once you know the brightness and wattage for the LED you need, the next step is to select a bulb that generates the color or light that works best for the bulb’s application.
Color Temperature
LED bulbs provide white light in various shades, from bright white, like a blue-tinted fluorescent tube, to soft white, like a yellow-tinted incandescent light. A good rule of thumb is to use soft white lights indoors and bright white lights outdoors.
The type and shade of the light is measured in a temperature rating known as Kelvin (K). The higher the K temperature, the brighter the shade of white light produced.
Refer to the chart below to determine the K temperature and color you prefer.
LED bulbs also provide very good color rendering, which is the ability of a bulb to show the true color of objects. This is measured on a scale of zero to 100, with 100 being the best. LEDs offer as much as 85 on this scale.
In addition to shades of white, LED bulbs are also available in a variety of colors:
Once you know the color of light you need, the next step is to select a bulb that fits in the fixture in which it will function.
Base Configuration
As with incandescent bulbs, it’s essential when you’re shopping for LEDs to determine the bulb base size you need. If you’re going to the store, it’s a good idea to bring the bulb you’re replacing along with you, so you can match the base sizes. Most common household fixtures have pin or Edison, also known as screw-in, bases. Types of Edison bases include:
Miniature Candelabra – A small bulb base, frequently used in chandeliers
Candelabra – A slightly larger bulb base, used in chandeliers, light sconces and other small fixtures
Intermediate – A bulb base between the candelabra and medium sizes, commonly used in ceiling fans
Medium – The bulb base design for standard light bulbs, used in most lamps and overhead light fixtures
Bi-pin – A standard base for small light bulbs.
Features to Consider
Remote Controls – LED bulbs with remote controls provide convenience and eliminate the need for dimmers.
Warranty – Many LED bulbs come with a warranty covering replacement costs if the bulb malfunctions.
How to choose the right led candle light bulb
Bulbs vary by their type of technology, the amount of light they produce, the amount of energy they use, and the color of the light they emit. Here’s what you need to know to understand the different choices and choose the bulb that’s right for your fixture and your needs.
Choose the correct bulb wattage
When you buy any lighting fixture, check the maximum wattage it will take. A bulb with too high a wattage can produce excess heat that can create a fire hazard or damage the fixture. Remember, wattage is the indication of how much power a bulb consumes, not the amount of light it generates. New U.S. packaging rules will make it easier to choose the light bulb that’s most efficient.
Efficiency ratings for bulbs
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission is requiring manufacturers of incandescent, compact fluorescent, and LED light bulbs to use new labeling on consumer packaging by mid-2011 to help consumers choose the most efficient bulbs for their needs.
For the first time, the label on the front of the package will emphasize the bulb’s brightness as measured in lumens, rather than a measurement of watts.
“While watt measurements are familiar to consumers and have been featured on the front of light bulb packages for decades, watts are a measurement of energy use, not brightness,” stated the FTC in its press release. “As a result, reliance on watt measurements alone make it difficult for consumers to compare traditional incandescent bulbs to more efficient bulbs, such as compact fluorescents.”
The new front-of-package labels also will include the estimated yearly energy cost for the particular type of bulb.
The back of each package will have a “Lighting Facts” label modeled after the “Nutrition Facts” label that is currently on food packages. The Lighting Facts label will provide information about:
Brightness
Energy cost
Life expectancy
Light appearance (for example, “warm” or “cool”)
Wattage
Mercury content
The bulb’s brightness, measured in lumens, and a disclosure for bulbs containing mercury will also be printed on each bulb.
Light sources – the different types of bulbs
Incandescent
Incandescent bulbs are the original type of bulb as designed by Thomas Edison. They produce light when an electric current passes through a filament and causes it to glow. Inexpensive and widely available, they are the most commonly used bulbs today, but are being replaced by more energy efficient choices.
Incandescent bulbs vary from 15 to 150 watts and produce a soft yellow-white light, emitted in all directions. Newer versions are available that produce a more neutral, white light color. Incandescent bulbs are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, with clear, frosted, or colored glass.
While they are less energy efficient than other light sources, incandescent bulbs are good for standard ambient lighting and for task lighting that demands high levels of brightness.
Beginning in 2012, the U.S. Energy and Independence Act of 2007 will require most incandescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light using less wattage.
General service incandescent bulbs are the inexpensive, readily available and what most of us think of when we hear the words “light bulb.” There are three basic shapes: General (traditional shape), Globe (round), and Decorative (flame, teardrop, etc.).
Reflectorized incandescent bulbs have a reflective coating inside the bulb that directs the light in one direction rather than all around. Reflector bulbs put approximately double the amount of light (foot-candles) on the subject as General Service of same wattage.
Parabolic Reflector Bulbs (PAR) control light more precisely and accurately. They direct approximately four times the light of General Service and are used in recessed and track lighting. Some feature a weatherproof casing that makes them suitable for outdoor spot and flood fixtures.
Halogen bulbs
Halogen bulbs producing a bright, white light, that comes closer to replicating the color spectrum of the midday sun than incandescent bulbs. Halogens bulbs have a longer life and provide more light (lumens) per watt than regular incandescent bulbs. Their small size and intensity make halogens great for task lighting.
Since halogen bulbs burn hotter than other types, they require more caution. All halogen lamps sold in the U.S. today have approved safety shields to reduce fire risk.
When changing a halogen, be sure to wait until the bulb cools to the touch. Always use a clean rag to handle a halogen bulb, as oils from your hand will cause the bulb to burn hotter and can greatly reduce the life of your bulb.
Halogen bulbs are available in two types: line voltage (120 watt) and low voltage (12 volt).
Line voltage (120 volt) halogen bulb types
PAR 16, 20, 30 and 38 reflectorized bulbs provide better beam control than regular incandescent PAR bulbs. They are available in numerous spot and flood beam spreads and are used in track, recessed & outdoor spot and floodlights.
T-3 double-ended bulbs are available in a variety of base types and are used in wall sconces, torchieres and outdoor floodlights. The fixture controls the direction of the light.
T-4 single-ended bulbs come in both “mini-can” and “bayonet” base types and are used in wall sconces, bath brackets, torchieres and pendants. The direction of the light is controlled by the fixture.
Low voltage (12 volt) halogen bulb types
MR8, MR11, and MR16 (mini-reflectors) provide excellent beam control, and their miniature size allows them to be used in smaller track and recessed fixtures. They are also used in outdoor landscape accent lighting fixtures.
PAR36 bulbs provide superior beam control, especially over long distances. They are used in track, recessed and outdoor landscape accent fixtures.
T-4 bi-pin bulbs are miniature bulbs used in pendants, halogen desk lamps and linear, low-voltage track systems. They are widely used in cove lighting and under cabinet lighting.
Xenon bulbs
Xenon bulbs have a white light similar to that of halogen but have a much longer life rating, some up to 20,000 hours, much like fluorescent. They operate at lower temperatures than halogen. These miniature bulbs are popular for strip, under-cabinet and cove lighting applications. Xenon incandescent bulbs include rigid-loop, festoon and wedge base bulb designs.
Fluorescent
Fluorescents use 20-40% less electricity and can last up to 20 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
Screw-in Compact Fluorescents (CFLs) can be used in place of incandescent bulbs in standard lamp sockets, and today’s fluorescent bulbs can produce warm tones of light similar to those of incandescents.
If switching to a CFL from incandescent, be certain that the CFL bulb will fit in the fixture and that the bulb itself will not protrude from the shade, glass, or recessed fixture. If you want to use fluorescents with a dimmer, you must look for fluorescent bulbs labeled “dimmable.”
Because fluorescent bulbs contain mercury, it is important to dispose of them properly.
Fluorescents produce light when an electric arc passes between cathodes to excite mercury and other gases, producing radiant energy that is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating that lines the inside of the bulb. The larger ceiling fixtures that use long fluorescent tubes have electronic ballasts that allows them to turn on instantly and operate without hum.
LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
An LED is a semiconductor chip embedded in a plastic capsule. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) produce light when voltage is applied to negatively charged semiconductors, causing electrons to combine and create a unit light. Because they are small, several LEDs are sometimes combined to produce a single light bulb.
LEDs have been popular in under-cabinet strips and some types of downlights, but with recent technological advances, they are being developed for more applications in the home.
In general, LED lighting is vastly more efficient and longer lasting than any other type of light source. To ensure that you are buying an LED bulb with high-quality color and energy efficiency that is as good or better than fluorescent bulbs, look for the ENERGY STAR symbol.
High-Intensity Discharge
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs produce light when an arc passes between cathodes in a pressurized tube, causing metallic additives to vaporize. They have long lives and are extremely energy-efficient. However, with the exception of metal halides, they do not produce pleasing light colors. In residential settings, HIDs are most often used for outdoor security and area lighting.
There are four types of HIDs, Metal Halide, High-Pressure, Sodium Low-Pressure, and Sodium Mercury Vapor.
Choose the correct bulb wattage
When you buy any lighting fixture, check the maximum wattage it will take. A bulb with too high a wattage can produce excess heat that can create a fire hazard or damage the fixture. Remember, wattage is the indication of how much power a bulb consumes, not the amount of light it generates. New U.S. packaging rules will make it easier to choose the light bulb that’s most efficient.
Efficiency ratings for bulbs
The U.S. Federal Trade Commission is requiring manufacturers of incandescent, compact fluorescent, and LED light bulbs to use new labeling on consumer packaging by mid-2011 to help consumers choose the most efficient bulbs for their needs.
For the first time, the label on the front of the package will emphasize the bulb’s brightness as measured in lumens, rather than a measurement of watts.
“While watt measurements are familiar to consumers and have been featured on the front of light bulb packages for decades, watts are a measurement of energy use, not brightness,” stated the FTC in its press release. “As a result, reliance on watt measurements alone make it difficult for consumers to compare traditional incandescent bulbs to more efficient bulbs, such as compact fluorescents.”
The new front-of-package labels also will include the estimated yearly energy cost for the particular type of bulb.
The back of each package will have a “Lighting Facts” label modeled after the “Nutrition Facts” label that is currently on food packages. The Lighting Facts label will provide information about:
Brightness
Energy cost
Life expectancy
Light appearance (for example, “warm” or “cool”)
Wattage
Mercury content
The bulb’s brightness, measured in lumens, and a disclosure for bulbs containing mercury will also be printed on each bulb.
Light sources – the different types of bulbs
Incandescent
Incandescent bulbs are the original type of bulb as designed by Thomas Edison. They produce light when an electric current passes through a filament and causes it to glow. Inexpensive and widely available, they are the most commonly used bulbs today, but are being replaced by more energy efficient choices.
Incandescent bulbs vary from 15 to 150 watts and produce a soft yellow-white light, emitted in all directions. Newer versions are available that produce a more neutral, white light color. Incandescent bulbs are available in a variety of shapes and sizes, with clear, frosted, or colored glass.
While they are less energy efficient than other light sources, incandescent bulbs are good for standard ambient lighting and for task lighting that demands high levels of brightness.
Beginning in 2012, the U.S. Energy and Independence Act of 2007 will require most incandescent bulbs to produce the same amount of light using less wattage.
General service incandescent bulbs are the inexpensive, readily available and what most of us think of when we hear the words “light bulb.” There are three basic shapes: General (traditional shape), Globe (round), and Decorative (flame, teardrop, etc.).
Reflectorized incandescent bulbs have a reflective coating inside the bulb that directs the light in one direction rather than all around. Reflector bulbs put approximately double the amount of light (foot-candles) on the subject as General Service of same wattage.
Parabolic Reflector Bulbs (PAR) control light more precisely and accurately. They direct approximately four times the light of General Service and are used in recessed and track lighting. Some feature a weatherproof casing that makes them suitable for outdoor spot and flood fixtures.
Halogen bulbs
Halogen bulbs producing a bright, white light, that comes closer to replicating the color spectrum of the midday sun than incandescent bulbs. Halogens bulbs have a longer life and provide more light (lumens) per watt than regular incandescent bulbs. Their small size and intensity make halogens great for task lighting.
Since halogen bulbs burn hotter than other types, they require more caution. All halogen lamps sold in the U.S. today have approved safety shields to reduce fire risk.
When changing a halogen, be sure to wait until the bulb cools to the touch. Always use a clean rag to handle a halogen bulb, as oils from your hand will cause the bulb to burn hotter and can greatly reduce the life of your bulb.
Halogen bulbs are available in two types: line voltage (120 watt) and low voltage (12 volt).
Line voltage (120 volt) halogen bulb types
PAR 16, 20, 30 and 38 reflectorized bulbs provide better beam control than regular incandescent PAR bulbs. They are available in numerous spot and flood beam spreads and are used in track, recessed & outdoor spot and floodlights.
T-3 double-ended bulbs are available in a variety of base types and are used in wall sconces, torchieres and outdoor floodlights. The fixture controls the direction of the light.
T-4 single-ended bulbs come in both “mini-can” and “bayonet” base types and are used in wall sconces, bath brackets, torchieres and pendants. The direction of the light is controlled by the fixture.
Low voltage (12 volt) halogen bulb types
MR8, MR11, and MR16 (mini-reflectors) provide excellent beam control, and their miniature size allows them to be used in smaller track and recessed fixtures. They are also used in outdoor landscape accent lighting fixtures.
PAR36 bulbs provide superior beam control, especially over long distances. They are used in track, recessed and outdoor landscape accent fixtures.
T-4 bi-pin bulbs are miniature bulbs used in pendants, halogen desk lamps and linear, low-voltage track systems. They are widely used in cove lighting and under cabinet lighting.
Xenon bulbs
Xenon bulbs have a white light similar to that of halogen but have a much longer life rating, some up to 20,000 hours, much like fluorescent. They operate at lower temperatures than halogen. These miniature bulbs are popular for strip, under-cabinet and cove lighting applications. Xenon incandescent bulbs include rigid-loop, festoon and wedge base bulb designs.
Fluorescent
Fluorescents use 20-40% less electricity and can last up to 20 times longer than incandescent bulbs.
Screw-in Compact Fluorescents (CFLs) can be used in place of incandescent bulbs in standard lamp sockets, and today’s fluorescent bulbs can produce warm tones of light similar to those of incandescents.
If switching to a CFL from incandescent, be certain that the CFL bulb will fit in the fixture and that the bulb itself will not protrude from the shade, glass, or recessed fixture. If you want to use fluorescents with a dimmer, you must look for fluorescent bulbs labeled “dimmable.”
Because fluorescent bulbs contain mercury, it is important to dispose of them properly.
Fluorescents produce light when an electric arc passes between cathodes to excite mercury and other gases, producing radiant energy that is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating that lines the inside of the bulb. The larger ceiling fixtures that use long fluorescent tubes have electronic ballasts that allows them to turn on instantly and operate without hum.
LED (Light Emitting Diodes)
An LED is a semiconductor chip embedded in a plastic capsule. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) produce light when voltage is applied to negatively charged semiconductors, causing electrons to combine and create a unit light. Because they are small, several LEDs are sometimes combined to produce a single light bulb.
LEDs have been popular in under-cabinet strips and some types of downlights, but with recent technological advances, they are being developed for more applications in the home.
In general, LED lighting is vastly more efficient and longer lasting than any other type of light source. To ensure that you are buying an LED bulb with high-quality color and energy efficiency that is as good or better than fluorescent bulbs, look for the ENERGY STAR symbol.
High-Intensity Discharge
High-Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs produce light when an arc passes between cathodes in a pressurized tube, causing metallic additives to vaporize. They have long lives and are extremely energy-efficient. However, with the exception of metal halides, they do not produce pleasing light colors. In residential settings, HIDs are most often used for outdoor security and area lighting.
There are four types of HIDs, Metal Halide, High-Pressure, Sodium Low-Pressure, and Sodium Mercury Vapor.
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